Publicações

Este trabalho apresenta a Reforma Administrativa do Estado iniciada no Brasil na década de 30 com a criação do Conselho Federal do Serviço Público Civil e culminando com as mudanças legais introduzidas pela Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal e a Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento de Pessoal (PNDP). Apresenta a importância da profissionalização do servidor. Apresenta também o perfil do gestor público pela identificação de competências necessárias e o estudo realizado no INPE que procurou identificar dentro de um mapeamento de competência dos servidores, quais seriam as competências necessárias para a ocupação de cargos de chefia/liderança.. Este trabalho foi estruturado nos seguintes capítulos: I – Introdução; II Reforma do Estado, III Competências no serviço público; IV Identificação de competências no INPE; e V – Considerações finais.

The Brazilian savanna, named locally Cerrado, is the second largest Brazilian biome, covering approximately two million km2, especially in the Central Highlands (Ratter et al., 1997). This biome is composed predominantly of tropical savanna vegetation and is considered as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, a priority area for biodiversity conservation in the world (Myers et al., 2000). The Cerrado region is considered the last agricultural frontier in the world (Borlaug, 2002), which has been converted in the last 50 years especially for agriculture and pasture purposes, where natural and mainly anthropogenic annual burning is a common practice. Currently, around 50% of natural vegetation in the Cerrado region has been converted to pastures and crops (PROBIO-MMA, 2007).This conversion has impacted the biological diversity, the hydrological cycle, the energy balance, the climate and the carbon dynamics at local and regional scales due to habitat fragmentation, invasive alien species, soil erosion, pollution of aquifers, degradation of ecosystems and changes in fire regimes (Klink & Machado, 2005; Aquino & Miranda, 2008). The knowledge of spatial distribution, temporal dynamics and biophysical characteristics of the vegetation types, are important elements to improve the understanding of what is the interaction like between vegetation, precipitation and fire. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship of environmental variables, such as precipitation and fire, with spatial and temporal distribution patterns of main vegetation type of the Brazilian tropical savanna. Thus, we seek to answer the question: how environmental variables, like rain and fire, influence the main vegetation types, like herbaceous, shrubs, deciduous trees and evergreen trees, in the Cerrado biome taking in account the seasonal patterns of the variables involved? In this study, the potential of multi-temporal satellite data, like TRMM data for precipitation, MODIS vegetation indices products for land cover mapping, and others sensors like GOES and MODIS for fire detection is explored by the use of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques.

New GIS technologies have been employed to support public policies and actions towards environmental conservation, aiming to preserve biodiversity and mitigate the undesirable side-effects of human activities. The spatio-temporal simulation of systems dynamics is an example of such new technologies and helps scientists and decision-makers to understand the driving forces lying behind processes of change in environmental systems. In assessing how systems evolve, it is possible to figure out different scenarios, given by diverse socioeconomical, political and environmental conditions (Soares-Filho et al., 2001), and hence, anticipate the occurrence of certain events, like land cover and land use change, including deforestation. According to Openshaw (2000), computer simulation models provide qualitative and quantitative information on complex natural phenomena. In this sense, spatial dynamic models may be defined as mathematical representations of real-world processes or phenomena, in which the state of a given place on the Earth surface changes in response to changes in its driving forces (Burrough, 1998). Spatial dynamic models are commonly founded on the paradigm of cellular automata (CA). Wolfram (1983) defines CA as [] mathematical idealisations of physical systems in which space and time are discrete, and physical quantities take on a finite set of discrete values. A cellular automaton consists of a regular uniform lattice (or array), usually infinite in extent, with a discrete variable at each site (cell). [] A cellular automaton evolves in discrete time steps, with the value of the variable at the site being affected by the values of variables at sites in its neighbourhood on the previous time step. The neighbourhood of a site is typically taken to be the site itself and all immediately adjacent sites. The variables at each site are updated simultaneously (synchronously), based on the values of the variables in their neighbourhood at the preceding time step, and according to a definite set of local rules. (Wolfram, 1983, p. 603). This work applies a CA model Dinamica EGO to simulate deforestation processes in a region called São Félix do Xingu, located in east-central Amazon. EGO consists in an environment that embodies neighbourhood-based transition algorithms and spatial feedback approaches in a stochastic multi-step simulation framework. Biophysical variables drove the simulation model of the present work, and statistical validation tests were then conducted for the generated simulations (from 1997 to 2000), by means of multiple resolution fitting methods. This modelling experiment demonstrated the suitability of the adopted model to simulate processes of forest conversion, unravelling the relationships between site attributes and deforestation in the area under analysis.

The Amazonian Region has undergone constant pressure from human activities in the past 100 years, with dramatic changes in the landscapes caused by significant impacts on a great number of rainforest biotic communities. Historical data show that the last pulse of expansion of the forest, which initiated 4-5,000 years ago (Burnham & Johnson, 2004; Bush & Silman, 2007), has been permanently halted due to intensification of land use and occupation along the southern ecological contact zone between the forest and savanna ecosystems. Such a pristine environment, in similar scale and richness as witnessed by the first Europeans who arrived in South America and wrestled the land from the Native South Americans, can no longer be preserved or even restored to its original state. Almost twenty percent of the primeval Amazon tropical forest has been altered or destroyed in Brazil, the country that encompasses most of this diverse biome. An important portion of this original information is now preserved in maps, natural history and anthropology books and scientific collections (Moran & Ostrom, 2009). Such documentation showing different pathways from these past 500 years is crucial to understand and learn from experiences of success and failure. Resiliency, adaptation and modification of a tropical environment rich in biodiversity have shaped a dynamic biome that shifted in magnitude and intensity in the past decades due to human activity (Joels & Camara, 2001; Buckeridge, 2008). Understanding these successive events is one of the most important challenges facing the modern scientific community. Accurate information on science and technology can potentially improve the future management of a complex tropical environment. The current trend of environmental awareness as reflected in the conservation, ecological services, global change and sustainable activities at odds with economic growth and tensions caused by social injustice in tropical regions have placed Amazonia under a worldwide spotlight in terms of collective consciousness for nature preservation. To reduce human impact and simultaneously preserve indigenous and other traditional cultures have been top priorities in the agendas of most Non Governmental Organizations. The level of scientific publications on different aspects of biological diversity in Brazilian Amazonia has been constantly improving. Similarly, public and private institutions are experiencing new and more thorough forms of partnership, with mutually complementary agendas, joining forces toward common goals in multidisciplinary approaches. Such actions and institutional strategies are closing the knowledge gap on the measuring of the impact of deforestation on species ecology and habitat losses, as it has been perceived that natural landscapes are being destroyed much faster than one could possibly understand the functioning of such ecosystems and organisms (Stuart et. al. 2010). With population growth at current rates, more land for agriculture and energy supply will be demanded. In this context, a new trend of pressure wave on the Amazonian forest has initiated. The high potential for hydroelectric power and the availability of extensive areas for food and biofuel production are additional threats to conservation efforts. A globalized world and the current Amazonian economic strength exerts increasing demands for productive terrains, increasing the tension on deforestation and land use. In this chapter we will address the dynamics of human occupation of Amazon biome, present the problems and perspectives of the main commodities in Para state and discuss the mechanism of Reducing Emission from Forest Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) and the challenges for solving the infrastructure/biological conservation duality in Amazonia.