The Integrated Land Surface model (INLAND) land surface model, in offline mode, was 25 adjusted and forced with prescribed climate to represent two contrasting environments along a 26 topographic gradient in a central Amazon Terra Firme forest, which is distinguished by well- 27 drained, flat plateaus and poorly drained, broad river valleys. To correctly simulate the valley 28 area, a lumped unconfined aquifer model was included in the INLAND model to represent the 29 water table dynamics and results show reasonable agreement with observations. Field data 30 from both areas are used to evaluate the model simulations of energy, water and carbon 31 fluxes. The model is able to characterize with good accuracy the main differences that appear 32 in the seasonal energy and carbon partitioning of plateau and valley fluxes, which are related 33 to features of the vegetation associated with soils and topography. The simulated latent heat 34 flux (LE) and net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE), for example, are higher on the 35 plateau area while at the bottom of the valley the sensible heat flux (H) is noticeably higher 36 than at the plateau, in agreement with observed data. Differences in simulated hydrological 37 fluxes are also linked to the topography, showing a higher surface runoff (R) and lower 38 evapotranspiration (ET) in the valley area. The different behavior of the fluxes on both annual and diurnal time scales confirms the benefit of a tiling mechanism in the presence of large 40 contrast and the importance to incorporate subgrid-scale variability by including relief 41 attributes of topography, soil and vegetation to better representing Terra Firme forests in 42 land surface models.
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