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The objective of this work is to assess the projections of climate change in the city of Santos. The assessment is based on the downscaling of two global climate model simulations using the Eta Regional Climate Model at 20-km and 5-km resolutions, under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for the period between 1961 and 2100. The higher horizontal resolution simulations reproduce in more detail the surface characteristics, such as the topography, vegetation cover, and coastline, and capture the extreme climate events. Evaluation of the model simulations of the present climate show reasonable agreement with observed climatology. Frequency distributions of precipitation and temperature values show that the 5-km run approaches the observed precipitation better than the 20-km resolution run. The assessment of climate change projections indicates that warming in the region reaches about 2 °C until the end of the twenty-first century, and that precipitation reduces in the entire region. Trends of climatic extreme indices show increase of hot days, warm nights, and in the length of consecutive dry days with the increase of the atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Projections of the minimum surface pressure off the coast of Southeast Brazil show weakening tendency under RCP8.5 scenario.

The objective of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is to provide Governments, the private sector, and civil society with scientifically credible and independent up-to-date assessments of available knowledge to make informed decisions at the local, regional and international levels. This regional and subregional assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services for the Americas has been carried out by 104 selected experts including 6 early career fellows, assisted by 76 contributing authors, primarily from the Americas, who have analyzed a large body of knowledge, including about 4,100 scientific publications. The Report represents the state of knowledge on the Americas region and subregions. Its chapters and their executive summaries were accepted, and its summary for policymakers was approved, by the Member States of IPBES at the sixth session of the IPBES Plenary (18 to 24 March 2018, Medellín, Colombia). This Report provides a critical assessment of the full range of issues facing decision-makers, including the importance, status, trends and threats to biodiversity and natures contributions to people, as well as policy and management response options. Establishing the underlying causes of the loss of biodiversity and of natures contributions to people provides policymakers with the information needed to develop appropriate response options, technologies, policies, financial incentives and behavior changes. It should be noted that Greenland as well as the Arctic and subArctic regions were inadequately assessed due to a lack of relevant expertise.