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Urgent sustainability challenges require efective leadership for inter- and trans-disciplinary (ITD) institutions. Based on the diverse experiences of 20 ITD institutional leaders and specifc case studies, this article distills key lessons learned from multiple pathways to building successful programs. The lessons refect both the successes and failures our group has experienced, to suggest how to cultivate appropriate and efective leadership, and generate the resources necessary for leading ITD programs. We present two contrasting pathways toward ITD organizations: one is to establish a new organization and the other is to merge existing organizations. We illustrate how both beneft from a real-world focus, with multiple examples of trajectories of ITD organizations. Our diverse international experiences demonstrate ways to cultivate appropriate leadership qualities and skills, especially the ability to create and foster vision beyond the status quo; collaborative leadership and partnerships; shared culture; communications to multiple audiences; appropriate monitoring and evaluation; and perseverance. We identifed fve kinds of resources for success: (1) intellectual resources; (2) institutional policies; (3) fnancial resources; (4) physical infrastructure; and (5) governing boards. We provide illustrations based on our extensive experience in supporting success and learning from failure, and provide a framework that articulates the major facets of leadership in inter- and trans-disciplinary organizations: learning, supporting, sharing, and training.

We use an unprecedented ensemble of regional climate model (RCM) projections over seven regional CORDEX domains to provide, for the frst time, an RCM-based global view of monsoon changes at various levels of increased greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. All regional simulations are conducted using RegCM4 at a 25 km horizontal grid spacing using lateral and lower boundary forcing from three General Circulation Models (GCMs), which are part of the ffth phase of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5). Each simulation covers the period from 1970 through 2100 under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5). Regional climate simulations exhibit high fdelity in capturing key characteristics of precipitation and atmospheric dynamics across monsoon regions in the historical period. In the future period, regional monsoons exhibit a spatially robust delay in the monsoon onset, an increase in seasonality, and a reduction in the rainy season length at higher levels of radiative forcing. All regions with substantial delays in the monsoon onset exhibit a decrease in pre-monsoon precipitation, indicating a strong connection between pre-monsoon drying and a shift in the monsoon onset. The weakening of latent heat driven atmospheric warming during the pre-monsoon period delays the overturning of atmospheric subsidence in the monsoon regions, which defers their transitioning into deep convective states. Monsoon changes under the RCP2.6 scenario are mostly within the baseline variability.

Since 2012, the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil (NEB) has been experiencing a continuous dry condition imposing significant social impacts and economic losses. Characterizing the recent extreme drought events and uncovering the influence from the surrounding oceans remain to be big challenges. The physical mechanisms of extreme drought events in the NEB are due to varying interacting time scales from the surrounding tropical oceans (Pacific and Atlantic). From time series observations, we propose a three-step strategy to establish the episodic coupling directions on intraseasonal time scales from the ocean to the precipitation patterns in the NEB, focusing on the distinctive roles of the oceans during the recent extreme drought events of 2012-2013 and 2015-2016. Our algorithm involves the following: (i) computing drought period length from daily precipitation anomalies to capture extreme drought events; (ii) characterizing the episodic coupling delays from the surrounding oceans to the precipitation by applying the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) of complexity measure, which is based on ordinal partition transition network representation of time series; and (iii) calculating the ratio of high temperature in the ocean during the extreme drought events with proper time lags that are identified by KLD measures. From the viewpoint of climatology, our analysis provides data-based evidence of showing significant influence from the North Atlantic in 2012-2013 to the NEB, but in 2015-2016, the Pacific played a dominant role than that of the Atlantic. The episodic intraseasonal time scale properties are potential for monitoring and forecasting droughts in the NEB in order to propose strategies for drought impacts reduction.

Ferramentas de tecnologia da informação (TI) têm sido apropriadas por governos em diferentes caminhos, por exemplo, para melhorar seus processos internos e efetuar atendimentos ao cidadão via web, todavia novas ferramentas de TI também têm sido utilizadas em coprodução de serviços públicos, como é o caso do Simulador de Direção Veicular (SDV), que é usado dentro do processo de habilitação de condutores (CNH). Essas novas relações precisam ser estudadas para explicar a sociomaterialidade, as relações de poder, interesses e limitações que delas decorrem. Para tal, identifica-se que o SDV é adotado dentro de um contexto governamental, e sua execução depende do cidadão (coprodução de serviço público). Para atingir os objetivos desta pesquisa, utilizam-se a análise sociomaterial e a análise crítica do discurso, e, paralelamente, consideram-se as perspectivas institucionais das organizações e as teorias de governo eletrônico. Os resultados explicam o material e social, sua imbricação, limites, ideologias e os interesses dos atores, bem como estes lidam com as regras existentes para atender aos seus interesses e as relações de poder existentes, dentro de uma perspectiva do realismo crítico.

The Amazon biome contains more than half of the remaining tropical forests of the planet and has a strong impact on aspects of meteorology such as the planetary boundary layer (PBL). In this context, the objective of this study was to conduct observational evaluations of the daily cycle of the height of the PBL during its stable (night) and convective (day) phases from data that were measured and/or estimated using instruments such as a radiosonde, sodar, ceilometer, wind profiler, lidar and microwave radiometer installed in the central Amazon during 2014 (considered a typical year) and 2015 during which an intense El NiñoSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) event predominated during the GoAmazon experiment. The results from the four intense observation periods (IOPs) show that during the day and night periods, independent of dry or rainy seasons, the ceilometer is the instrument that best describes the depth of the PBL when compared with in situ radiosonde measurements. Additionally, during the dry season in 2015, the ENSO substantially influenced the growth phase of the PBL, with a 15 % increase in the rate compared to the same period in 2014.

Brazil is experiencing continuous growth in the solar energy market over the last years, and it is expected that solar power plants will have a significant contribution to the Brazilian energy matrix soon. The solar irradiance variability is an important issue due to its impact on electricity distribution systems. However, solar energy variability has not been comprehensively evaluated in Brazil. The study aimed to assess the capacity of two numerical models of mesoscale in simulating the solar radiation conditions in the Northeastern region of Brazil. For this, a case study was conducted comparing the surface solar irradiation data acquired in 41 automated weather stations operating in the study area and managed by the Brazilian Institute of Meteorology with estimates provided by two weather mesoscale models BRAMS and WRF. The study indicated that the difference between the model’s uncertainties is small (typically less than 5%) when evaluating the entire region of the Brazilian Northeast. However, local comparisons may show more notable discrepancies reflecting uncertainties in the estimates produced by the models.

O bioma Caatinga representa cerca de 10% do território nacional e tem uma população estimada em 28 milhões de habitantes. Sua vegetação arbóreo-arbustiva, adaptada às condições de semiaridez, exerce um papel fundamental na manutenção do balanço hidrológico, na alimentação da matriz energética e na geração de receitas para o país. No entanto, o bioma ainda é um dos que recebe menor atenção da comunidade científica. Diante disso, o presente artigo de revisão visa apresentar elementos que contribuam para a atualização do estado da arte sobre o uso de dados ópticos de observação da Terra na conservação da vegetação da Caatinga, a partir da identificação das iniciativas de mapeamento em diferentes escalas que contemplam o bioma. Para tal, esse estudo fez uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática cujo enfoque principal foi a caracterização dos sensores orbitais imageadores, técnicas de classificação de imagem, legendas de uso e cobertura, estratégias de validação, e o intervalo temporal compreendido por cada iniciativa. Esse detalhamento permitiu avaliar o grau de usabilidade e confiabilidade dos produtos existentes. Assim, esse estudo espera abrir possibilidades para preencher lacunas científicas existentes e que carecem de investigação no que diz respeito ao papel dos dados ópticos de observação da Terra no mapeamento da vegetação da Caatinga e no subsídio de recursos para novas iniciativas, ações de restauração e, consequentemente, aprimoramento de políticas públicas em prol da conservação e uso sustentável dos recursos do bioma.

Increasing demand for water is one of the most challenging problems that human societies face today and has encouraged new studies to examine water security and water management. Seeking to discuss this important issue in the Brazilian context, we analyzed the impacts of urban expansion on water security in a basin located in the most populated region of Brazil. To quantify increased water demand, we combined urban sprawl and regional population increase projections. In this context, our study contributes to discussions on water security by addressing the importance of integration between water and urban planning. Simulations indicate good performance in reproducing actual water system conditions. The finding demonstrates that urban expansion in the region is mainly driven by road proximity. Urban occupation is projected to increase in 170% by 2050, increasing water demands for domestic use in 38%. Results indicate the feasibility of including landscape and socioeconomic constrains in order to obtain potential domestic water demand scenarios by using land use and land cover change modelling to assess urban expansion and population growth. For the study region, our findings suggest that although urban sprawl increases water demand, urban supply will not be compromised given the large volume of available water in the basin. However, the indirect consequences of urban sprawl, such as industrialization and agricultural intensification, may compromise the quality of this resource and require better water use management in the region.

Background: Tropical forests play a fundamental role in the provision of diverse ecosystem services, such as biodiversity, climate and air quality regulation, freshwater provision, carbon cycling, agricultural support and culture. To understand the role of forests in the carbon balance, aboveground biomass (AGB) estimates are needed. Given the importance of Brazilian tropical forests, there is an urgent need to improve AGB estimates to support the Brazilian commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Many AGB maps and datasets exist, varying in availability, scale and coverage. Thus, stakeholders, policy makers and scientists must decide which AGB product, dataset or combination of data to use for their particular goals. In this study, we assessed the gaps in the spatial AGB data across the Brazilian Amazon forests not only to orient the decision makers about the data that are currently available but also to provide a guide for future initiatives. Results: We obtained a map of the gaps in the forest AGB spatial data for the Brazilian Amazon using statistics and differences between AGB maps and a spatial multicriteria evaluation that considered the current AGB datasets. The AGB spatial data gap map represents areas with good coverage of AGB data and, consequently, the main gaps or priority areas where further biomass assessments should focus, including the northeast of Amazon State, Amapá and northeast of Pará. Additionally, by quantifying the variability in both the AGB maps and field data on multiple environmental factors, we provide valuable elements for understanding the current AGB data as a function of climate, soil, vegetation and geomorphology. Conclusions: The map of AGB data gaps could become a useful tool for policy makers and different stakeholders working on National Communications, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+), or carbon emissions modeling to prioritize places to implement further AGB assessments. Only 0.2% of the Amazon biome forest is sampled, and extensive effort is necessary to improve what we know about the tropical forest.

Authors discuss school safety and disaster education in Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Puerto Rico. Case studies explore work to increase understanding of natural hazards and disaster preparedness. Puerto Rico offers innovative examples of reflection on memories of Hurricane Maria by primary students and university undergraduates. From Brazil comes description of work in schools to develop curriculum skills and research competencies at high-school level. The Brazilian scheme encourages schools to become producers of knowledge rather than reproducers of centrally disseminated information. Another case study focuses on efforts to protect university buildings in Colombia. The rich landscape of policy, practice and experience in South America and the Caribbean is informed by a model of the three pillars of Comprehensive School Safety: 1. Safe Learning Facilities, 2. School Disaster Management, and 3. Risk Reduction and Resilience Education.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 recommends several actions for early warning systems (EWSs). However, there is a lack of information about their means of implementation. This article used institutional ethnography to analyze the 2012-2018 implementation of a national warning system in Brazil. The challenges related to daily activities, and the interdisciplinary works in the four axes of EWSs towards multi-hazard and people-centered approaches are discussed. This national experience is then discussed in the light of the global challenges of EWSs considering two main issues: (1) experiences of implementation and barriers related to people-centered warning systems; and (2) types of national/regional warning systems and hazards/threats that are being monitored as an important input for multi-hazard approaches. There are few multi-hazard warning systems in place and EWSs are focused on hydrometeorological hazards, mainly related to floods. The Sendai Framework needs to improve access to data and information, identify views from the frontline, consider political threats and vulnerabilities, and find ways to talk about disaster risk creation processes at a larger scale.