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The United Nations 2030 Agenda catalysed the development of global target-seeking sustainability-oriented scenarios representing alternative pathways to reach the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Implementing the SDGs requires connected actions across local, national, regional, and global levels; thus, target-seeking scenarios need to reflect alternative options and tensions across those scales. We argue that the design of global sustainability-oriented target-seeking scenarios requires a consistent process for capturing multiple and contrasting perspectives on how to reach the goals, including the perspectives from multiple scales (e.g. local, national, regional) and geographic regions (e.g. the Global South). Here we propose a novel approach to codesign global target-seeking scenarios, consisting of (a) capturing global perspectives on pathways to the SDGs through a review of existing global scenarios; (b) a multi-stakeholder process to obtain multiple sub-global perspectives on pathways to sustainability; (c) an analysis of convergences, and crucially, divergences between global and regional perspectives on pathways to reach the SDGs, feeding into the design of new target-seeking scenario narratives. As a case study, we use the results of the 2018 African Dialogue on The World in 2050, discussing the future of agriculture and food systems. The identified divergent themes emerging from our analysis included urbanization, population growth, agricultural practices, and the roles of different actors in the future of agriculture. The results challenge some of the existing underlying assumptions of the current sustainability-oriented global scenarios (e.g. population growth, urbanisation, agricultural practices), indicating the relevance and timeliness of the proposed approach. We suggest that similar approaches can be replicated in other contexts to better inform the process of sustainability-oriented scenario co-design across scales, regions and cultures. In addition, we highlight the implications of the approach for scenario quantification and the evolution of modeling tools.

O conhecimento e o desenvolvimento científicos e tecnológicos promovidos por Universidades e Instituições de Pesquisa são essenciais para o Brasil, bem como sua difusão à população, de modo que a sociedade tenha consciência de sua importância e apoie novas produções no âmbito da ciência e da tecnologia. Diante desse contexto, o Projeto Educação Extensão Educacional: Um Projeto de Difusão do Conhecimento Científico foi iniciado em 2017 pelo Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre (CCST) do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), com o objetivo de promover ao sistema educacional e à sociedade brasileira palestras sobre temas ambientais inerentes aos trabalhos do Instituto. Assim, esta Iniciação Científica teve como objetivo principal contribuir para o avanço do Projeto por meio de: levantamento dos temas e trabalhos desenvolvidos pelo INPE; pesquisas acadêmicas em bancos de dados científicos sobre os temas a serem difundidos; consultas no banco de dados do Projeto aos temas, número de palestras realizadas e número de participantes alcançados; e análise dos dados. Desde o início de sua atuação, em 2017, o Projeto promoveu um total de 289 palestras didáticas relacionadas aos seguintes temas científico ambientais: Biomas do Brasil; Desastres Naturais e Escorregamentos de Terra; Desmatamento; Difusão do Conhecimento Científico; Eucalipto; Fitorremediação; Geografia da Malária no Brasil; Geotecnologias; Hidrologia e Mudanças do Uso e Cobertura da Terra; Meteorologia Básica; Mudanças Ambientais Globais; Oceanografia; Padrões de Urbanização e Gestão das Cidades; Pegada Ecológica; Qualidade do Ar; Queimadas; Recuperação de Nascentes; e Reflorestamento. Essas informações, bem como outros dados relevantes ao Projeto, são armazenadas e constantemente atualizadas em um banco de dados criado em 2018. A qualidade das palestras foi avaliada em 2019 através de pesquisa eletrônica realizada com os participantes, cujos resultados foram positivos. Dentre os temas citados, o mais abordado tanto em 2017 quanto em 2019 foi Biomas do Brasil. Em 2018, predominaram as palestras sobre Desastres Naturais e Escorregamentos de Terra. Os temas Desmatamento, Qualidade do Ar, Queimadas, Recuperação de Nascentes e Reflorestamento foram frequentemente difundidos durante todos os anos do Projeto. Ademais, em 2019, foram promovidos os cursos: Uso de geotecnologias em estudos ambientais, realizado na Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL/USP); e Técnicas de preservação e recuperação ambiental: um projeto de revitalização do espaço escolar, na Escola Estadual Maria Izabel Fontoura, localizada no município de Cachoeira Paulista. Através dessas ações, foi alcançado um total de 11.399 pessoas, incluindo Alunos (Discentes) e Professores (Docentes) dos ensinos fundamental e médio de escolas públicas e de Universidades. Estão em desenvolvimento novos temas, como Biorremediação de solos contaminados, a serem palestrados no futuro com a sequência do Projeto.

The United Nations 2030 Agenda catalysed the development of global target-seeking sustainability-oriented scenarios representing alternative pathways to reach the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Implementing the SDGs requires connected actions across local, national, regional, and global levels; thus, target-seeking scenarios need to reflect alternative options and tensions across those scales. We argue that the design of global sustainability-oriented target-seeking scenarios requires a consistent process for capturing multiple and contrasting perspectives on how to reach the goals, including the perspectives from multiple scales (e.g. local, national, regional) and geographic regions (e.g. the Global South). Here we propose a novel approach to codesign global target-seeking scenarios, consisting of (a) capturing global perspectives on pathways to the SDGs through a review of existing global scenarios; (b) a multi-stakeholder process to obtain multiple sub-global perspectives on pathways to sustainability; (c) an analysis of convergences, and crucially, divergences between global and regional perspectives on pathways to reach the SDGs, feeding into the design of new target-seeking scenario narratives. As a case study, we use the results of the 2018 African Dialogue on The World in 2050, discussing the future of agriculture and food systems. The identified divergent themes emerging from our analysis included urbanization, population growth, agricultural practices, and the roles of different actors in the future of agriculture. The results challenge some of the existing underlying assumptions of the current sustainability-oriented global scenarios (e.g. population growth, urbanisation, agricultural practices), indicating the relevance and timeliness of the proposed approach. We suggest that similar approaches can be replicated in other contexts to better inform the process of sustainability-oriented scenario co-design across scales, regions and cultures. In addition, we highlight the implications of the approach for scenario quantification and the evolution of modeling tools.

Um dos maiores desafios para a sociedade nesse século é o de minimizar os impactos do sistema alimentar sobre o ambiente. Este trabalho estima a área para produção de alimentos no Brasil e avalia se a produção agrícola nacional seria suficiente para promover a segurança alimentar limitando a expansão da agricultura, bem como explora os impactos de diferentes dietas para o uso da terra. Mais especificamente, foram combinadas oferta e demanda de alimentos, em termos de nutrientes fornecidos ao sistema alimentar nacional, baseado em três décadas de dados sobre produção agrícola, comércio internacional, uso da terra e população. Assim, as tendências de disponibilidades de nutrientes ao sistema alimentar foram avaliadas em conjunto com as projeções de crescimento populacional em cenários de mudanças de dietas com limitação de uso da terra. Os resultados indicam que, nas últimas três décadas, o Brasil utiliza em média 22% de sua área agrícola para a produção de alimentos, e que nenhuma expansão da agropecuária é necessária no futuro para promoção da segurança alimentar e nutricional. Ainda, em cenários com menores níveis de produção e consumo produtos de origem animal, entre 50% e 90% menos terra seriam necessárias para a produção de alimentos em quantidades suficientes. Conclui-se que o sistema alimentar brasileiro poderia promover a segurança alimentar sem mais expansão da agricultura ou mudança de dieta e que dietas com menores níveis de consumo de carne reduziriam substancialmente a demanda de terra para alimentar a população. Assim, são fornecidas evidências de que a produção de alimentos é compatível com a conservação ambiental no Brasil.

O acesso a novas fontes de energia, principalmente renováveis, requer níveis específicos de dados para sua classificação correta. As estações de coleta capturam informações em um espaço curto de tempo com uma precisão estável, executando o tratamento das informações coletadas. O controle de qualidade é um aspecto principal em qualquer sistema de tratamento de dados, para garantir confiabilidade e permitir a comparação com outras amostras. O Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), com base nesses conceitos, implementou a rede SONDA para prover dados meteorológicos e solarimétricos com a finalidade de suporte ao setor de energia no Brasil. Este trabalho consiste na continuação da implementação do algoritmo de validação das informações anemométricas e solarimétricas coletadas na rede SONDA, consistindo em adaptar, em seu último estágio, dois modelos de céu claro propostos por Muhammad Iqbal e Dumortier. Para dar continuidade a este projeto de Iniciação Científica estão programadas as atividades: Revisão bibliográfica e escolha dos principais modelos de céu claro; reestruturação do algoritmo implementando novos testes de qualidade para o aumento de confiabilidade das análises; Validação de modelos computacionais utilizados no levantamento destes recursos; implementação do modelo de céu claro baseado no proposto por Muhammad Iqbal; implementação do modelo de céu claro baseado no proposto por Dumortier, e agregá-los ao conjunto de validação de dados solarimétricos na rede SONDA.

Software Ecosystem (SECO) is a consolidated research area in software engineering, emerging as a paradigm for understanding dynamics and relationships among software systems that collaborate with each other to achieve their goals. Understanding the ecosystem and how its elements interact is essential for software evolution, especially for those that provide functions and services for other systems, such as software APIs. Once an API is being used by different software, future changes need to be made in a systematic and appropriate manner, considering the whole ecosystem. However, there is a lack of formal and effective ways for APIs evaluation in the context of SECO. Thus, in this paper, we present Ecolyzer, a prototype tool that aims to support the analysis of API usage considering its ecosystem through interactive visualization. To demonstrate the feasibility of our tool, we conducted a proof of concept (PoC) using an open-source platform API. The results obtained with Ecolyzer are useful and show that the prototype meets the goals described for the accomplishment of this work.

Physical concepts based on the Clausius-Clapeyron relation and on the thermodynamics and aerosol characteristics associated with updrafts, global climate models assuming different parametrizations and lightning-related output variables, and lightning-related data (thunderstorm days) are being used to infer the lightning incidence in a warmer planet, motivated by the global warming observed. In all cases, there are many gaps to be overcome making the lightning response to the global temperature increase still unpredicted. Values from almost 0% (no increase) to 100% have been estimated, being 10% the most common value. While the physical concepts address only part of the problem and the global climate models need to make many simple assumptions, lightning-relate data have strong time and space limitations. In this context, any new evidence should be considered as an important contribution to better understand how will be the lightning incidence in the future. In this article, we described new results about the occurrence of thunderstorms from 1850 to 2010 (a period of 160 years) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in the Southeast of Brazil. During this period thunderstorm days were recorded in the same location, making this time series one of the longest series of this type available worldwide. The data support an increase of 21% in the mean annual thunderstorm days during the period, while surface temperature increased by 0.6°C during the period. Considering that the mean annual number of thunderstorm in the beginning of this period was 29, we found an increase of one thunderstorm day per 0.1°C of increase in the surface temperature. Assuming that the number of lightning flashes per thunderstorm remains approximately constant during the period, this number corresponds to an increase in the lightning flash rate of approximately 35% per °C of increase of temperature. In addition, considering that the increase of the global temperature during the period was almost the same that observed in Rio de Janeiro, we can conclude that this increase in the lightning flash rate is due to the global warming with no effect of urban activity. Finally, we found that monthly thunderstorm days and monthly mean surface temperature show a linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.9 along the period.

The social and human sciences have had a minor role in the studies of climate change. There remains a signifcant gap in our knowledge and understanding of the many facets of this theme. The educational sector has been neglected in the climate change scientifc debate, although it is acknowledged as a key sector. This article aims to understand how teachers are dealing with the climate change topic: what they think, learn and teach about it. It is focused on teachers at elementary schools (614 years old) in São José dos Campos, São Paulo State, Brazil. This type of social research is important for developing countries such as Brazil, where the sociological research on climate change is emergent. The identifcation of teachers perceptions on climate change is an important step in fnding ways to listen to and engage with them in the formulation of climate change adaptation plans, especially because they will be among the people responsible for preparing the younger generations of citizens. The survey of teachers knowledge and perception about climate change provides two main approaches: (1) It supports better planning of future school activities, training, and updating knowledge and (2) It suggests how children are being prepared to understand and deal with this contemporary problem of climate change.

Habitat loss is a leading cause of extinctions, which may occur even before species are recorded or formally described. On the other hand, limitations in species distribution data and sampling biases can hamper inferences about patterns of species richness that form the basis of conservation strategies. Insects, despite their crucial roles in terrestrial ecosystems, are still largely neglected when dealing with biological inventories. Among insects, ants are of unique importance because of their species richness, widespread distribution, and due to their key ecosystem functions such as seed dispersal, soil nutrient cycling, predation, and biological control. In this study, we prioritize different Brazilian biomes and ecoregions for new ant surveys based on information on the distribution of occurrence records and two estimates of habitat loss for the period between 2000 and 2016. We compiled nearly 8000 ant occurrence records, including a total of 1170 species. The Caatinga was the biome showing the greatest urgency for new inventories, whereas the Atlantic Forest had the lowest urgency. However, there were considerable differences of priority between ecoregions belonging to each biome, thus underscoring the need to pay special attention to these geographical units and their characteristic associated with ant species. The prioritization of poorly studied sites with an imminent risk of habitat loss can be a valuable starting point for filling knowledge gaps and can help in formulating new strategies of conservation. The dataset provided here may also be useful in studies on the distribution of ant diversity in Brazil.

Aircraft atmospheric profiling is a valuable technique for determining greenhouse gas fluxes at regional scales (104106 km2 ). Here, we describe a new, simple method for estimating the surface influence of air samples that uses backward trajectories based on the Lagrangian model Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT). We determined regions of influence on a quarterly basis between 2010 and 2018 for four aircraft vertical profile sites: SAN and ALF in the eastern Amazon, and RBA and TAB or TEF in the western Amazon. We evaluated regions of influence in terms of their relative sensitivity to areas inside and outside the Amazon and their total area inside the Amazon. Regions of influence varied by quarter and less so by year. In the first and fourth quarters, the contribution of the region of influence inside the Amazon was 8393% for all sites, while in the second and third quarters, it was 5775%. The interquarter differences are more evident in the eastern than in the western Amazon. Our analysis indicates that atmospheric profiles from the western sites are sensitive to 4252.2% of the Amazon. In contrast, eastern Amazon sites are sensitive to only 10.925.3%. These results may help to spatially resolve the response of greenhouse gas emissions to climate variability over Amazon.