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Este trabalho está compreendido no desenvolvimento de conhecimento de potencialidades e de desempenhos de mapeamentos de uso e cobertura da terra que possam ser utilizados para o Modelo Brasileiro de Uso da Terra LuccME/Brasil. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste projeto é o de produção de mapas de referência distribuídos de forma aleatória amostral estratificada. O elemento amostral é por segmento regular de 20x20km (quadrículas) e sua distribuição segue uma estratificação baseada em dados censitários que inferem os diferentes tipos de uso e cobertura predominantes no país. Foi definido um conjunto de classes comum a todos os mapeamentos envolvidos, sendo: vegetação natural, silvicultura, pastagem, agricultura, vegetação secundária, mosaico de ocupações, área urbana, outros, sem identificação. A produção do mapeamento de referência tem como ano de referência 2010/2011 e estão sendo utilizadas imagens do sensor RapidEye e TM/Landsat. A fim de compatibilizar a resolução espacial de 5 metros do RapidEye, são processadas restaurações das bandas 3, 4 e 5 das imagens do sensor TM, conforme Boggione (2003). Da mesma forma, para compatibilizar as resoluções radiométricas de ambos os sensores, as bandas 2, 3, 4 e 5 das imagens RapidEye foram transformadas para 8 bits. Para verificação de vegetação secundária, contexto temporal e para contornar possíveis dúvidas, algumas observações tem sido importantes, dentre elas: uso de imagens TM do ano 2000 para definição de vegetação secundária; comportamento espectral de EVI2 extraídos de imagens Modis na página WEB www.dsr.inpe.br/laf/series/ e de imagens DigitalGlobe disponíveis no Google Earth. O processamento de mapeamento tem sido elaborado via classificação digital e posterior edição matricial pelo software SPRING. Tem sido utilizado um classificador supervisionado via segmentação de imagens, o Bhattacharya. Devido a mudança dos prazos previstos para este projeto de Iniciação Científica, o mesmo teve algumas mudanças de quanto ao seu objetivo e até o presente momento foi possível classificar apenas algumas quadrículas.

This work aimed to identify possible changes in climatic variables in a region of agricultural frontier in the transition between the Savannah-Amazon biomes, where forests were replaced by extensive agricultural areas. Recent episodes of drought and extremes rains in this region have represented large economic losses for agricultural producers. Therefore, some questions arose, guiding this research: The recent climatic instability can be related to the intense in the land use and land cover changes through which the region experienced? Can older producers feel any change in the weather from earlier or more recent times? How do producers understand this instability in the climate? How do local institutions such as the Secretariats of Agriculture and Environment and producer associations address the issues about climate change? In response to these questions, we hope that this work will contribute to the discussion about the necessity to bring relevant scientific information to society in a more accessible way, contributing to improve the level of awareness about climate change by actors directly linked to agriculture, aiming that perceive themselves inside in this system as the agent causative and agent impacted by the changes in the local climate.

Estradas, crescimento urbano e expansão agrícola estão entre os principais vetores de desmatamento na Amazônia. Nesse contexto, as Unidades de Conservação (UCs) exercem um papel fundamental no controle do desmatamento e na prestação de serviços ecossistêmicos, demandando melhor compreensão dos diferentes tipos de pressão antrópica. Essas Ucs que encontram-se localizadas em regiões de grandes projetos com infraestrutura, principalmente à expansão da fronteira agrícola, como é o caso da Floresta Nacional (FLONA) do Tapajós torna-se fundamental avaliar as principais forçantes de mudanças Assim, para a realização deste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a dinâmica de uso da terra na FLONA Tapajós e no seu entorno para subsidiar a gestão de uso conservacionista na Flona Tapajós

Degradation of Amazon rainforests represents a vital threat to carbon storage, climate regulation and biodiversity; however its effect on tropical ecosystems is largely unknown. In this study we evaluate the effects of forest degradation on forest structure and functioning over the Xingu Basin in the Brazilian Amazon. The vegetation types in the area is dominated by Open Ombrophilous Forest (Asc), Semi-decidiuous Forest (Fse) and Dense Ombrophilous Forest (Dse). We used Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data together with time series of optical remote sensing images from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) bi-directional corrected using the Multi-Angle Implementation for Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC). We derive time-series (2008 to 2016) of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Green-Red Normalized Difference (GRND) to analyze the dynamics of degraded areas with related changes in canopy structure and greenness values, respectively. Airborne ALS measurements showed the largest tree heights in the Dse class with values up to 40m tall. Asc and Fse vegetation types reached up to 30m and 25m in height, respectively. Differences in canopy structure were also evident from the analysis of canopy volume models (CVMs). Asc showed higher proportion of sunlit, as expected for open forest types. Fse showed gaps predominantly in lower height levels, and a higher overall proportion of shaded crown. Full canopy closure was reached at about15 m height for both Asc and Dse, and at about 20 m height for Fse. We also used a base map of degraded areas (available from Imazon Instituto do Homen e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia) to follow these regions throughout time using EVI and GRND from MODIS. All three forest types displayed seasonal cycles. Notable differences in amplitude were detected during the periods when degradation occurred and both indexes showed a decrease in their response. However, there were marked differences in timing and amplitude depending on forest type. These responses were influenced by the spatial resolution of 1km of the MODIS images, limited the ability to observe small degraded regions. In conclusion, ASL together with optical remote sensing used in a straight multi-scale approach may contribute to understand the impacts of degradation in the structure and functioning of tropical forest.

Este trabalho, iniciado em fevereiro de 2017, tem como objetivo caracterizar o comportamento hidrológico de bacias hidrográficas do Brasil de micro a meso-escala (<10.000 km2), para fins de regionalização. Para o andamento do trabalho foram realizadas as seguintes tarefas: Primeiro fez-se necessário a seleção das bacias, as quais a pesquisa deseja abordar e da base de dados do Hidroweb da ANA foram extraídas séries de vazão. A continuação foi realizada na interpolação de dados de precipitação e em seguida de evapotranspiração potencial do período 01/01/1980 à 31/12/2010. Após interpolação, as médias mensais das bacias foram calculadas, para que assim fosse possível o conhecimento das precipitações e evapotranspirações mensais médias presentes em cada uma das 544 bacias estudadas.

To integrate studies in the Earth System Science context, erosion models were applied only in local scale have been adapted to regional scales such as the Universal Equation for Soil Loss (USLE). Among the parameters required by USLE to estimate soil loss rates the slope length (L) is the main factor favored by advances in the acquisition of Remote Sensing data, especially topographical, and the development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and it responsible for satisfactory local-regional adaptation of the model. In this context, the aim of this study was to obtain the L factor map for the Sao Paulo State using the equation of Desmet and Govers (1996), a methodology that employs the concepts of flow direction and accumulate area. Therefore, it was used ArcGIS software and elevation data from TOPODATA project that have a spatial resolution of 30 m. The results showed that the lowest values occurred in interfluves (hilltops) and larger towards the bottom of the valley where there is significant distances from the turning point and flow convergence, and steep slopes (same behavior as the accumulative area). Thus, the higher the L value, the greater the speed and the concentration of runoff, which allows us to infer that these are the areas more conducive to the occurrence of erosion.

To experience the prospect of sustainable development that meets all the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations through the rational use of natural resources. The technologies that allow the capture of the energy coming from the Sun are in constant development, allowing its use, successfully, in several situations. Is the need to think, design and operate a mobility plan that will affect the profile of cities with an impact on economic development, stimulating the use of means of transport, especially bicycles. The research project is fundamentally related to the practical feasibility of the use of solar energy by means of photovoltaic panels as a source of clean energy production, effective and capable of being used as fuel for bicycle racks, at low cost, as a correct policy Planning, development and quality of urban life. Sustainability and economics attract consumers to solar energy.

This paper presents an adaptation of the Barometer of Sustainability for 6 municipalities of the Ribeirão Preto microregion localized in São Paulo State (Brazil): Ribeirão Preto, Cravinhos, Dumont, São Simão, Serra Azul and Serrana. Regarding the methodological aspects, socioeconomic and environmental data were analyzed for to compose of the sustainability matrix. The sustainability matrix have two dimensions: social and environmental. From the analysed data we grouped the six municipalities in three categories which represent levels of sustainability: (i) Potentially sustainable (Ribeirão Preto and Cravinhos); (ii) intermediate (Dumont, Serrana and Serra Azul) and (iii) Potentially unsustainable (São Simão). In general, the municipalities that are part of the Ribeirão Preto microregion have different development patterns, with reasonable socioeconomic conditions (if compared to municipalities of the north and northeast region of Brazil) but with social and environmental problems. In socioeconomic terms, the Ribeirão Preto municipality, in general, stands out due to its expressive economic participation in the region and in the state. In environmental terms, the situation of all municipalities is very critical. The authors believe that a better differentiation between municipalities requires close knowledge of territorial dynamics and local realities.