Although scientific literature contains observed characteristics and behavior of upward lightning (e.g., Rakov and Uman, 2003, Ch 6), the integration of highspeed digital cameras into continued research on the topic has allowed for new insight and comparison (e.g., Diendorfer et al., 2003; Flache et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2009; Mazur and Ruhnke, 2011; Wang and Takagi, 2010; Zhou et al., 2011; Hussein et al., 2011; Warner, 2011, and Warner et al., 2011) In this paper, we present characteristics and behaviors of upward positive leaders (UPLs) from 10 tall towers in Rapid City, South Dakota observed using high-speed cameras and other optical sensors along with coordinated electric field instrumentation. All observations were made during the summer thunderstorm season (April September).
Redes Sociais